Reconstrucción maxilofacial de la región orbitaria / Maxillofacial reconstruction of the orbital region

La región orbitaria representa una unidad estética funcional muy importante en la región facial. Se presenta un trabajo retrospectivo de un período de 20 años (2000-2020) de actividad pública-privada en el tratamiento de patología tumoral y traumática de la región orbitaria. Analizamos en 580 casos operados, 184 oncológicos y 396 traumáticos, diferentes aspectos comunes que intervienen en el tratamiento reconstructivo de la región: abordajes, técnicas quirúrgicas, consideraciones anatomofuncionales, principios básicos en cirugía maxilofacial orbitaria y complicaciones, resaltando la importancia del manejo correcto de los tejidos regionales en su reconstrucción. La mejor posibilidad para el paciente de lograr un buen resultado es con una operación primaria correcta. Sus complicaciones son de difícil tratamiento

The orbital region represents a very important functional aesthetic unit in the facial region. A retrospective study of a 20-year period (2000- 2020) of public-private activity in the treatment of tumor and traumatic pathology of the orbital region is presented. We analyzed in 580 operated cases, 184 oncological and 396 traumatic, different common aspects involved in the reconstructive treatment of the region: approaches, surgical techniques, anatomofunctional considerations, basic principles in orbital maxillofacial surgery and complications, highlighting the importance of the correct management of regional tissues in their reconstruction. The best possibility for the patient to achieve a good result is with a correct primary operation. Its complications are difficult to treat

Neumomediastino secundario a fractura aislada de piso de órbita / Pneumomediastinum secondary to isolated fracture of orbit floorx

Resumen Introducción: El neumomediastino se define como la presencia de aire o gas dentro de los planos fasciales del mediastino. Por lo general, es un fenómeno secundario a perforaciones traumáticas del tracto aerodigestivo. El neumomediastino secundario a una fractura orbitaria es un evento raro. Se asocia a complicaciones potencialmente mortales como el neumotórax, el neumopericardio y la mediastinitis. Objetivo: Describir un caso de neumomediastino secundario a una fractura aislada de piso orbitario y su manejo médico-quirúrgico. Caso clínico: Paciente de sexo femenino de 42 años que sufre traumatismo en regiones facial, cervical y torácica desarrollando secundariamente un enfisema subcutáneo panfacial y un neumomediastino, el cual se resuelve exitosamente. Discusión: El neumomediastino secundario a una fractura aislada de piso orbitario es un evento muy raro. El aire puede descender a lo largo de los espacios fasciales hasta el mediastino. En este sentido, sonarse la nariz es un factor de riesgo para desarrollar esta pa-tología. Conclusión: Ocurrido un trauma maxilofacial puede presentarse enfisemas de espacios profundos de la cabeza, cuello e incluso el mediastino.

Introduction: Pneumomediastinum is defined as the presence of air or gas within the fascial planes of the mediastinum. It is usually a phenomenon secondary to traumatic perforations of the aerodigestive tract. Pneumomediastinum secondary to an orbital fracture is a rare event. And it is related to life-threatening complications such as pneumothorax, pneumopericardium and mediastinitis. Aim: To describe a case of pneumomediastinum secondary to an isolated orbital floor fracture and its medical-surgical management. Clinical case: A 42-year-old female patient who suffers trauma to the facial, cervical and thoracic regions, secondary development of a subcutaneous panfacial emphysema and pneumomediastinum, which resolves successfully. Discussion: Pneumomediastinum following an isolated orbital floor fracture is a very rare event. The air can descend along the fascial spaces to the mediastinum. In this sense, blowing your nose is a risk factor to develop this pathology. Conclusion: After a maxillofacial trauma, emphysema of the deep spaces of the head, neck and even the mediastinum can occur

Functional recovery time after facial fractures: characteristics and associated factors in a sample of patients from southern Brazil / Tempo de recuperação funcional após fraturas faciais: perfil e fatores associados em amostra de pacientes do sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT Understanding the cause, severity, and elapsed time for the restoration of the functions of maxillofacial injuries can contribute to the establishment of clinical priorities aiming at effective treatment and further prevention of facial trauma. The objective of this study was to understand the factors associated with the restoration of mastication, ocular, and nasal functions in the face of trauma victims, estimating their recovery time after surgical treatment. We analyzed 114 medical records of patients treated at the Hospital Montenegro, who attended follow-up consultations for up to 180 days. For analysis of the recovery time, we performed survival analysis, followed by COX analysis. We observed that half of the patients recovered their functions within 20 days. The average time for recovery from trauma in the zygomatic-orbital-malar-nasal complex was 11 days, and in the maxillary-mandibular complex, 21 days (HR: 1.5 [0.99 2.3], p = 0.055). Although functional reestablishment has reached high rates after the surgical approach, it is necessary to analyze the failing cases, as well as the economic impacts and the prevention strategies associated with facial trauma, to improve the service to the population.

RESUMO O entendimento da causa, da gravidade e do tempo decorrido para o restabelecimento das funções de lesões maxilofaciais pode contribuir para o estabelecimento de prioridades clínicas objetivando o efetivo tratamento e prevenção dos traumatismos de face. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi compreender quais os fatores associados ao restabelecimento das funções mastigatórias, oculares e nasais em vítimas de trauma de face, estimando o tempo para recuperação das funções, após o tratamento cirúrgico. Foram analisados 114 prontuários de pacientes atendidos no Hospital de Montenegro que compareceram às consultas de acompanhamento por até 180 dias. Para a análise do tempo para a recuperação, foi realizada a análise de sobrevida, seguida da análise de COX. Observou-se que metade dos pacientes recuperaram as funções em até 20 dias, sendo que o tempo médio para recuperação dos traumas no complexo zigomático-orbitário-malar-nasal foi de 11 dias e do complexo maxilo - mandibular de 21 dias (HR: 1,5 (0,99 - 2,3) p=0,055). Embora o restabelecimento das funções tenha atingido taxas elevadas após abordagem cirúrgicas, faz-se necessária a análise dos casos de insucessos bem como os impactos econômicos e as estratégias de prevenção associados aos traumas de face a fim de qualificar o serviço prestado à população.

Treatment of naso-orbito-etmoidal Type III fracture in adolescents: case report / Tratamiento de la fractura naso-orbito-etmoidal Tipo III en adolescentes: relato de un caso

The naso-orbito-ethmoidal region is composed of delicate bones and when fractured may result in significant aesthetic-functional impairment. Diagnosis through clinical and imaging findings is extremely important for surgical planning. This study aims to report a case of type III fracture of the naso-orbito-ethmoidal region. Patient D.R.S., female, 13 years old, attended the emergency department of Hospital dos Fornecedores de Cana de Piracicaba (HFCP) - SP with complaint of pain in the fronto-nasal region and respiratory distress after trauma in face of baseball bat. Physical examination showed edema and short blunt injury in the region of the nasal dorsum and frontal region, bilateral periorbital hematoma, hyposphagma in right eye and traumatic telecanthus. When analyzing the computed tomography, it was observed fracture of the nasal bones, also affecting the medial wall of the orbit. The procedure was osteosynthesis of the fractures and reconstruction of the nasal dorsum. The fracture traces were exposed from coronal access, reduction of fractures and use of calvarial bone graft for nasal dorsum reconstruction. The fracture and the graft were fixed with plates of 1,6mm. Postoperative computed tomography analysis showed good graft positioning, but there was still a slight sinking of the left lateral wall of the nose. In a second moment another surgical intervention was done to reduce this wall and an internal containment device was installed. Currently the patient is in a state of observation and a follow-up period of 665 days. In cases of complex nasoorbito-ethmoidal fractures early diagnosis and treatment is essential to minimize sequelae and provide a better aesthetic and functional result.

La región etmoidal nasoorbital está compuesta de huesos delicados y, cuando se fractura, puede provocar una lesión estética-funcional significativa. El diagnóstico mediante hallazgos clínicos y de imagen es de suma importancia para la planificación quirúrgica. El paciente D.R.S., mujer, 13 años, leucoderma, asistió al servicio de emergencia del Hospital de Proveedores de Caña de Azúcar de Piracicaba quejándose de dolor en la región frontal-nasal y dificultad para respirar después de un traumatismo en la cara con un palo. El examen físico reveló edema y lesión contundente en el dorso nasal y la región frontal, hematoma periorbitario bilateral, hiposfagma del ojo derecho y telecanto traumático. Al analizar la tomografía computarizada se observó fractura de los huesosnasales en libro abierto, afectando también la pared medial de la órbita. El enfoque aplicado fue la osteosíntesis de fracturas y la reconstrucción del dorso nasal. Los rastros de fractura se expusieron del abordaje coronal, se redujeron las fracturas y se usaron injertos de casquete para reconstruir el dorso nasal. La fractura y el injerto se fijaron con placas de sistema de 1,6 mm y se realizó la cantopexia de los ligamentos cantales mediales. Se requirió cirugía reparadora secundaria para la corrección de la pared lateral de la nariz, que persistió en el postoperatorio. Actualmente el paciente se encuentra en un estado de conservación y período de seguimiento de 665 días. En casos de fracturas nasoorbitales-etmoidales complejas, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento tempranos son esenciales para minimizar las secuelas y proporcionar un mejor resultado estético y funcional.

Treatment of Blowout fracture with video-assisted surgery / Tratamento de fratura Blowout com auxílio de vídeo-cirurgia

ABSTRACT Posterior fractures of the orbital floor are challenging, since an incomplete visualization of the defect through conventional surgical accesses may compromise the surgical outcome. The use of the endoscope as an auxiliary method during orbital reconstructions may be considered as a tool of considerable importance, mainly due to the visualization of the whole extension of fracture and adaptation of meshes or bone grafts. This study aims to report a clinical case of a patient diagnosed with extensive blowout fracture showing diplopy, enophthalmos, and ophthalmoplegia in supraversion, who underwent a subciliary approach combined with transantral video assisted surgery. There were no intercurrences on the procedure. Currently, patient has 1 year of follow up, with reestablished orbital function and architecture.

RESUMO As fraturas posteriores do assoalho orbital são desafiadoras, visto que a incompleta visualização do defeito por meio dos acessos cirúrgicos convencionais poderá comprometer o resultado cirúrgico. O uso do endoscópio como método auxiliar durante as reconstruções orbitais pode ser considerado uma ferramenta de grande importância principalmente para visualização de toda a extensão da fratura e adaptação das malhas ou enxertos ósseos. Este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso clínico de um paciente diagnosticado com uma extensa fratura blowout apresentando clinicamente diplopia, enoftalmo e oftalmoplegia em supraversão, o qual foi submetido a tratamento através da abordagem subciliar combinada com a cirurgia vídeo-assistida transantral. O procedimento foi realizado sem intercorrências, estando o paciente com 1 ano de acompanhamento, com função e arquitetura orbital restabelecidos.

Reconstruções orbitárias: relato de três casos / Orbital reconstructions: three case reports

Objetivo: este trabalho visa a apresentar uma série detrês casos clínicos com diferentes condutas para tratamentode fraturas de assoalho de órbita. Relato decasos: no primeiro caso, o paciente, sexo masculino,foi vítima de ferimento por arma de fogo, apresentandodiplopia, trismo e queixas estéticas. A conduta seguidafoi reconstrução do assoalho da órbita com telade titânio isolada. No segundo caso, o paciente, sexomasculino, foi vítima de acidente motociclístico, apresentandodiplopia e enoftalmo. A conduta seguida foireconstrução utilizando associação de tela de titâniocom polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA). No terceiro caso, opaciente, sexo masculino, foi vítima de acidente automobilístico,apresentando enoftalmo, diplopia e perdade projeção malar. A conduta seguida foi reconstruçãoutilizando associação da tela de titânio com PMMA.Nos três casos, os pacientes evoluíram com melhora doquadro clínico, mostrando-se satisfeitos com os resultadosestético e funcional. Considerações finais: emboraas condutas sejam diversificadas e variem entre cirurgiões,é importante o conhecimento das técnicas e dosmateriais a serem utilizados, bem como das vantagense desvantagens de cada intervenção, sendo de fundamentalimportância também a avaliação de cada casoem particular. (AU)

Objective: this study aims to present a series of three clinical cases with different approaches to the treatment of orbital floor fracture. Case reports: in the first case, the male patient was a victim of gunshot wounds, presenting diplopia, trismus, and aesthetic complaints. The treatment selected was the reconstruction of the orbital floor with an isolated titanium mesh. In the second case, the male patient was a victim of a motorcycle accident, evolving with diplopia and enophthalmos. The procedure followed was reconstruction using the association of a titanium mesh with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). In the third case, the male patient was the victim of an automobile accident, presenting enophthalmos, diplopia, and loss of malar projection. In this case, the reconstruction procedure was adopted using the association of a titanium mesh with PMMA. In all three cases, the patients evolved with improvement of the clinical condition, showing satisfaction with the aesthetic and functional results. Final considerations: although there are several procedures that vary among surgeons, it is important to understand the techniques and materials used, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each intervention; it is also essential to assess each case in particular. (AU)

¿Son efectivos los antibióticos profilácticos postoperatorios en fractura de órbita? / Are postoperative prophylactic antibiotics effective for orbital fracture?

INTRODUCCIÓN Una de las principales complicaciones de la fractura de órbita son las infecciones, ya sea por la comunicación con los senos paranasales o como complicación postoperatoria de su tratamiento. Pese a los avances en esta patología, aún existe controversia sobre el rol de los antibióticos profilácticos. MÉTODOS: Para responder esta pregunta utilizamos Epistemonikos, la mayor base de datos de revisiones sistemáticas en salud, la cual es mantenida mediante búsquedas en múltiples fuentes de información, incluyendo MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, entre otras. Extrajimos los datos desde las revisiones identificadas, reanalizamos los datos de los estudios primarios y preparamos una tabla de resumen de los resultados utilizando el método GRADE. RESULTADOS Y CONCLUSIONES Identificamos sólo una revisión sistemática que incluyó cuatro estudios primarios, de los cuales tan solo uno corresponde a un ensayo aleatorizado. Concluimos que la profilaxis antibiótica postoperatoria podría no disminuir el riesgo de infección en fractura de órbita, y probablemente aumenta el riesgo de diarrea.

INTRODUCTION Infection is one of the main complications of orbital fracture, either because of the connection to the paranasal sinuses or as a postoperative complication. Despite the advances made in this condition, there is still controversy regarding the role of prophylactic antibiotics. METHODS To answer this question we used Epistemonikos, the largest database of systematic reviews in health, which is maintained by screening multiple information sources, including MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, among others. We extracted data from the systematic reviews, reanalyzed data of primary studies and generated a summary of findings table using the GRADE approach. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS We identified only one systematic review including four studies overall, of which only one was a randomized trial. We concluded that postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis might not decrease the risk of infection in orbital fracture, and probably increases the risk of diarrhea.

Inferior rectus muscle rupture due to orbital trauma / Ruptura de músculo reto inferior por trauma orbitário

ABSTRACT A 48-year-old patient with blunt periorbital trauma presented with vertical strabismus and diplopia secondary to inferior rectus muscle avulsion. After ophthalmologic and CT scan evaluation, early surgical treatment with anatomical restoration led to improvement in motility deficits with resolution of diplopia.

RESUMO Paciente de 48 anos com história de trauma periorbitário contuso apresentou estrabismo vertical e diplopia secundários à avulsão de músculo reto inferior. Após avaliação oftalmológica e tomográfica, o tratamento precoce cirúrgico das lesões com reparo anatômico permitiu melhora nos deficits de motilidade com resolução da diplopia.

Tratamento de fratura de assoalho orbital com cartilagem conchal / Treatment of orbital floor fracture with conchal cartilage

Introdução: A reconstrução dos defeitos no assoalho orbital após fraturas constitui um desafio ao cirurgião plástico, pois além da expectativa estética e reconstrutora do paciente, cabe o tratamento de possíveis complicações funcionais, como diplopia e parestesias faciais. O objetivo é demonstrar uma série de casos utilizando cartilagem auricular conchal para reposição volumétrica orbital e estrutural do assoalho. Métodos: Foram avaliados 24 pacientes, operados pelo autor deste trabalho no período de 2013 a 2016, por motivo de fraturas de assoalho orbital pura (blow-out) ou impura (conjugadas a lesões de margem orbital, como zigoma e maxila). A técnica de estruturação do assoalho utilizou enxerto cartilaginoso autólogo conchal em todos os casos. Os pacientes foram catalogados quanto à presença de queixas pré-operatórias, como parestesia e diplopia, e sintomas, como enoftalmia, assim como resultados pós-operatórios. Resultados: A presença de lesões concomitantes como fratura de complexo zigomático e fratura maxilar pode influenciar no sucesso da reconstrução, assim como as fraturas com maior área de descontinuidade no assoalho orbital. Poucos pacientes apresentaram queixas pós-operatórias e somente dois casos (9,2%) necessitaram de nova abordagem cirúrgica. Conclusão: A cartilagem conchal auricular autóloga é um material adequado à reconstrução de defeitos no assoalho orbital pós-fratura, apresentando como vantagens a fácil obtenção, baixa morbidade, cicatriz inconspícua, excelente adaptação ao formato do assoalho da órbita e consequente reposição volumétrica.

Introduction: The reconstruction of defects in the orbital floor after fractures poses a challenge to the plastic surgeon because besides the patient's aesthetic and reconstructive expectations, possible functional complications such as diplopia and facial paresthesia must be treated. This study aimed at reporting a series of cases in which conchal auricular cartilage was used for volumetric orbital and structural replacement of the floor. Methods: Twenty-four patients, with surgery performed by the author, between 2013 and 2016, for pure (blow-out) or impure (conjugated to orbital margin injuries, such as zygoma and maxilla) orbital floor fractures, were evaluated. The repair technique involved autologous conchal cartilage graft in all cases. Patients were classified for the presence of preoperative complaints, including paresthesia and diplopia, and symptoms such as enophthalmia, as well as postoperative outcomes. Results: The existence of concomitant lesions, such as zygomatic complex and maxillary fracture, as well as fractures with greater discontinuity in the orbital floor, may influence the success of reconstruction. Few patients exhibited postoperative complaints and only two (9.2%) required a new surgical approach. Conclusion: Autologous conchal auricular cartilage is a suitable material for reconstruction of defects in the post-fracture orbital floor, possessing various advantages, including ease of attainment, low morbidity, inconspicuous scar, and excellent adaptation to the shape of the orbital floor and consequent volumetric replacement.

Deformidad facial postraumática asociada a complicación por silastic orbitario 35 años después de implantado / Post-traumatic facial deformity associated with a complication caused by orbital silastic 35 years after implantation

Las alteraciones esqueléticas del macizo facial sin tratamiento quirúrgico o con un manejo inadecuado, pueden resultar en deformidad secundaria importante con implicaciones estéticas y funcionales que deben ser consideradas para su tratamiento. El objetivo de esta presentación fue caracterizar el caso de deformidad facial postraumática asociada a complicación por silastic orbitario, 35 años después de implantado este. Se trata de un paciente masculino de 67 años que refirió haber sido tratado al presentar enrojecimiento de un ojo y secreciones. Refiere que hace 35 años fue intervenido quirúrgicamente por fractura en la zona del ojo izquierdo, que le colocaron silastic, y que no había tenido problemas hasta el momento en esa área. En el examen físico facial se detectó asimetría facial: ligero enoftalmo del ojo izquierdo, con desnivel pupilar, disminución de la apertura palpebral, rasgo antimongoloide, con eritema de la conjuntiva, quémosis, y abundantes secreciones. Se comprobó limitación del movimiento súpero-externo. Se corrobora la presencia de una fístula en el fondo de saco del párpado inferior. Se diagnostica como deformidad facial postraumática complicada por reacción a cuerpo extraño (al silastic). Fue intervenido quirúrgicamente y se realizó la exéresis del material, y la reconstrucción de la antomía ausente en la zona con malla de titanio. Se obtuvo excelentes resultados. Las lesiones postraumáticas de la cara se asocian generalmente con grandes secuelas funcionales y estéticas. Si se añaden las complicaciones por el empleo de implantes de biomateriales, la determinación de la conducta terapéutica puede ser un reto(AU)

Skeletal facial alterations not treated surgically or inappropriately handled may result in considerable secondary deformity with esthetic and functional implications which should be considered for treatment. The purpose of the study was to characterize a case of post-traumatic facial deformity associated with a complication caused by orbital silastic 35 years after implantation. A male 67-year-old patient reported having been treated for redness of one eye and secretion. Thirty-five years before he had been operated on for a fracture in the area of the left eye. Silastic had been implanted and he had not had any problems until now. Physical examination revealed facial asymmetry: slight enophthalmos of the left eye with pupillary unevenness, reduced palpebral opening, antimongoloid feature, conjunctival erythema, chemosis and abundant secretion. Upper-outer movement was limited. A fistula was found in the bottom of the lower palpebral sac. It is diagnosed as post-traumatic facial deformity complicated by reaction to foreign body (silastic). Surgery was performed to remove the material and reconstruct the missing anatomy in the area with titanium mesh. Excellent results were obtained. Post-traumatic facial lesions are generally associated with large functional and esthetic sequelae. When complications are added due to the use of biomaterial implants, determination of the appropriate therapeutic management can be a challenge(AU)

Evaluación clínica de la reconstrucción orbitaria post traumática mediante mallas de titanio / Clinical assessment of post traumatic orbital reconstruction by titanium mesh

Objectives: Collect maxillofacial trauma data, specifically in orbital reconstruction, in adult patients to make an evaluation of the clinical results. Material and Methods: Reviewing medical records in a three years period (January 2009-December 2011), of patients with orbital fracture reconstruction who attended the Maxillofacial Surgery Service of Hospital Mutual de Seguridad, Chile, in a retrospective study. Results: There where a total of 87 patients with 88 orbital fractures diagnosis, 30 patients go to orbital reconstruction with orbital titanium mesh. The most common cause where accidents and violence traffic. It was observed a 6.7 percent of complications. Discussion: The orbital fracture pattern and the results cause diplopia as the main complication. Furthermore, we can conclude that the orbital titanium mesh is an effective material and allows a well adaptation and lower complications.

Objetivo: Obtener información del trauma maxilofacial, específicamente de la reconstrucción orbitaria, en pacientes adultos para la evaluación de sus resultados clínicos. Materiales y Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo retrospectivo en todos los casos de fracturas orbitarias que asistieron al servicio de cirugía maxilofacial del hospital clínico Mutual de Seguridad de Santiago de Chile. En el período de 3 años (enero de 2009-diciembre de 2011). La necesidad de reconstrucción fue el criterio de inclusión. Resultados: Se registraron 87 pacientes con 88 diagnósticos de fracturas orbitarias, de estos, 30 pacientes debieron someterse a reconstrucción orbitaria mediante malla de titanio. Las causas más comunes fueron el accidente de tránsito 34 por ciento y las agresiones 30 por ciento. Se observó una tasa de complicaciones de 6,7 por ciento. Discusión: El patrón de fractura orbitaria observado y nuestros resultados muestran a la diplopía como principal complicación, además podemos señalar que las mallas de titanio son un material eficaz que permite una apropiada adaptación y bajas complicaciones.

Uso de malla de marlex® en el tratamiento de fracturas de suelo de órbita / Use of marlex® mesh for the treatment of orbital floor fracture

Background: The selection of the biomaterial to be used for reconstruction of orbital floor fractures depends on several factors such as the size of the defect, walls involved, internal contours, restoration of appropriate volume, elapsed time of the trauma and surgeon's experience. A treatment option is the use of Marlex® mesh. Case report: We report an 18 years old male victim of physical aggression, referred to the emergency service, with an orbital floor trauma. Marlex® mesh was used for reconstruction of the defect. Postoperative clinical assessment and CT scans performed at 30 and 180 days, showed full functional recovery.

Introducción: La selección del material biológico que se utilizará para la reconstrucción de las fracturas del suelo de órbita se relaciona con varios factores como: el tamaño del defecto, las paredes que participan, la adaptación de los contornos internos, la restauración del volumen adecuado, el tiempo transcurrido del trauma y la experiencia del cirujano. Una opción de tratamiento es el uso de la malla de Marlex® para la reconstrucción de defectos de suelo de la órbita. Caso clínico: El presente estudio reporta un caso de paciente de sexo masculino, 18 años, llevado a la sala de urgencias del Hospital da Cidade de Passo Fundo-RS, Brasil, víctima de una agresión física, presentando traumatismo de piso de órbita en que se utilizó para la reconstrucción una malla Marlex®. El control post-operatorio clínico y la tomografía de 30 y 180 días mostraron una función totalmente restaurada.

Abordaje transconjuntival en fracturas de piso orbitario: informe de 20 casos / Transconjunctival approach in orbital floor fractures: report of 20 cases

Objetivo: entre 2009 y 2011, utilizamos el abordaje transconjuntival en 20 pacientes, todos ellos con fracturas de piso orbitario, 17 de los cuales correspondían a traumatismos agudos y otros 3 a secuelas de fracturas. El objetivo del trabajo es analizar datos clínicos, radiográficos y evaluar las complicaciones mediatas e inmediatas de este abordaje, los resultados estéticos, funcionales, y la movilización o exposición de los materiales de reconstrucción. Caso clínico: se trataron 20 fracturas orbitarias que requerían resolución quirúrgica. En todos los casos se reconstruyó el piso orbitario con malla de titanio. Las complicaciones oftálmicas fueron transitorias y no hubo necesidad de reintervenir quirúrgicamente a ninguno de los pacientes. Conclusión: este abordaje permite un acceso quirúrgico efectivo del piso orbitario y de la pared orbitaria medial y facilita la reconstrucción sin generar alteración estética ni funcional del sistema de drenaje lagrimal.

Analysis of 130 forensic expertise cases of simple orbital fracture / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVE@#To analyze the features of orbital fracture and to discuss its forensic expertise points.@*METHODS@#One hundred and thirty cases of simple orbital fracture from 2010 to 2012 collected from one public security bureau were retrospectively analyzed such as age, gender, tools, position and morphology of the fracture, periorbital and orbital compound injury and the follow-up results after 6 months.@*RESULTS@#In the 130 cases, the wounded were mainly young men and hit by fist. The fracture of simple medial orbital wall accounted for up to 81.5% in all cases. In the periorbital and orbital compound injury, laceration and contusion of eyelid and ethmoidal cellules and maxillary sinus always occurred. After 6 months follow-up, there were 30 cases of comminuted fracture remained enophthalmos compared with the uninjured side.@*CONCLUSION@#It is inappropriate to judge the fracture of simple medial orbital wall as minor injury. We should judge the degree of simple orbital fracture after the injury is stable. Detailed ophthalmology inspection is necessary for forensic expertise of simple orbital fracture.

Fraturas nasoetmoideorbitais: experiências de 37 anos do serviço de cirurgia craniofacial do hospital de Cajuru e hospital do trabalhador / Naso-orbitoethmoid fractures: 37-year experience of the craniofacial surgery service of the hospital de Cajuru and hospital do trabalhador

Fractures of the naso-orbitoethmoid complex (NOE) remain one of the most challenging tasks in facial reconstruction and account for 2.1% of facial trauma cases. Clinical analyses of NOE fractures showed that they usually affect the telecanthus and cause deformities that would then require retropositioning of the nasal pyramid. Therefore, computed tomographyis an essential technique for further assessment and to identify bone dislocations and fistulas. Treatment involves reconstruction of the intercanthal distance, nasal projection, and internal orbital structures.

A fratura do complexo nasoetmoideorbital (NEO) permanece como uma das tarefas mais desafiadoras no trauma facial. Corresponde a 2,1% dos casos de trauma de face. Achados clínicos clássicos das fraturas NEOs são telecanto e deformidade com retroposicionamento da pirâmide nasal. O estudo com tomografia computadorizada é imprescindível para determinar detalhes e procurar localizar deslocamentos ósseos e fístulas. O tratamento é direcionado à reconstrução da relação intercantal, da projeção nasal e das estruturas internas da órbita.

Fracturas del complejo orbitomalar. Reporte de casos / Management of Zygomatic Bone fractures and orbital fractures: Report of cases

Las fracturas de malar representan el 78% del total y afectan al suelo de la orbita, seno maxilar y sutura cigomático malar. El hueso malar o cigomático, es el acolchado principal del esqueleto en la zona media de la cara, sus fracturas representan el 13 % de las fracturas cráneo faciales. Las fracturas del hueso cigomático se acompañan frecuentemente de fracturas de la órbita o de fracturas de la apófisis cigomética del temporal, por lo que algunos autores prefieren hablar de fracturas del complejo cigomático, abarcando otros huesos. Alrededor del 15% de los casos se asocian con lesiones oculares. Parestesias secundarias a fracturas se presentan en un 70% y 90% de los casos, de ellos el 25% persistirán por largo tiempo. Se presentan dos casos que concurrieron al servicio del Hospital, con fractura orbito-malar, por traumatismos deportivos. Se procedió a la reducción y fijación abierta con osteosíntesis

Malar bone fractures represent 78% of the total amount of fractures that affect the orbit floor, maxillary sinus and malar zygomatic suture. The malar and zygomatic bone, are those which constitute the primary padding in the center of the face, their fractures represent 13% of the craniofacial fractures. Zygoma fractures usually go along with orbit fractures or zygomatic process of temporal fractures, so that some authors prefer to talk about zygomatic complex, including others bones. Almost 15% of the cases are associated with ocular lesions. Secondary paresthesia and fractures represents 70% to 90% of the cases, 25% of them will persist during a long time. We'll show you two cases from our surgery department, the patient present orbitomalar fracture, due to sports trauma, the interventions consists in open reduction and fixation with osteosynthesis

Luxação traumática do bulbo ocular causada por acidente automobilístico / Traumatic eye luxation caused by automobilistic accident

Descreve-se um paciente com trauma ocular grave causada por acidente automobilístico que acarretou luxação total de bulbo ocular.

Description of a patient with grave ocular trauma caused by a traffic accident that it followed by total luxation of the eye.

Treatment and complications of orbito-zygomatic fractures / Tratamiento y complicaciones de las fracturas órbito-cigomáticas

The aim of the present study was to analyze the etiology, type and treatment employed in the orbito-zygomatic fractures (OZ). Also, postoperative complications are described and correlated with the type of treatment used. Fifty patients with OZ fractures were evaluated. Orbital fractures in which the zygomatic bone was not involved were excluded. Epidemiologic data and characteristics of treatment such as the type of material used for osteosynthesis, number of anatomical sites on which rigid internal fixation (RIF) was applied, surgical approaches and associated complications were recorded. The main causes of trauma were motorcycle and bicycle accidents, constituting 52 percent of the sample. The osteosynthesis system used was the 2.0 mm, except in four patients in whom the 1.5mm system was used for fixation at the infra-orbital rim. A total of 18 percent of the patients required reconstruction of the internal orbit and in all cases titanium mesh was used. 46 percent of the patients received RIF in three anatomical sites, most in the fronto-zygomatic suture, infra-orbital rim and zygomatic-maxillary buttress. The most frequent complication was paresthesia of the infra-orbital nerve (34 patients, 68 percent). Other findings were also discussed with the intent of better understanding the treatment of the OZ fractures...

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar la etiología, tipo y tratamiento empleado en las fracturas órbito-cigomáticas (OC). Además, se describen y correlacionan las complicaciones postoperatorias con el tipo de tratamiento utilizado. Cincuenta pacientes con fracturas OC fueron evaluados. Las fracturas orbitarias en la que el hueso cigomático no participó fueron excluidas. Los datos epidemiológicos y las características de tratamiento, tales como el tipo de material utilizado para la osteosíntesis, número de sitios anatómicos en los que se aplicó la fijación interna rígida (FIR), enfoques quirúrgicos y complicaciones asociadas fueron registrados. Las principales causas de los traumas fueron accidentes de bicicleta y motocicleta, constituyendo el 52 por ciento de la muestra. El sistema de osteosíntesis utilizado fue de 2,0 mm, excepto en cuatro pacientes en los que se utilizó el sistema de 1,5 mm para la fijación en el borde infraorbitario. El 18 por ciento de los pacientes requirieron reconstrucción de la órbita interna y en todos los casos se utilizó malla de titanio. El 46 por ciento de los pacientes recibió FIR en tres sitios anatómicos, la mayoría en la sutura fronto-cigomático, borde infraorbitario y pilar cigomato-maxilar. La complicación más frecuente fue parestesia del nervio infraorbitario (34 pacientes, 68 por ciento). Otros hallazgos fueron discutidos con la intención de comprender mejor el tratamiento de las fracturas OC...

Management of diplopia in patients with blowout fractures.

Purpose: To report the management outcomes of diplopia in patients with blowout fracture. Materials and Methods: Data for 39 patients with diplopia due to orbital blowout fracture were analyzed retrospectively. The inferior wall alone was involved in 22 (56.4%) patients, medial wall alone was involved in 14 (35.8%) patients, and the medial and inferior walls were involved in three (7.6%) patients. Each fracture was reconstructed with a Medpore® implant. Strabismus surgery or prism correction was performed in required patients for the management of persistent diplopia. Mean postoperative follow up was 6.5 months. Results: Twenty-three (58.9%) patients with diplopia underwent surgical repair of blowout fracture. Diplopia was eliminated in 17 (73.9%) patients following orbital wall surgery. Of the 23 patients, three (7.6%) patients required prism glasses and another three (7.6%) patients required strabismus surgery for persistent diplopia. In four (10.2%) patients, strabismus surgery was performed without fracture repair. Twelve patients (30.7%) with negative forced duction test results were followed up without surgery. Conclusions: In our study, diplopia resolved in 30.7% of patients without surgery and 69.2% of patients with diplopia required surgical intervention. Primary gaze diplopia was eliminated in 73.9% of patients through orbital wall repair. The most frequently employed secondary surgery was adjustable inferior rectus recession and <17.8% of patients required additional strabismus surgery.